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這是圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)ppt,包括了對(duì)麻醉與圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)關(guān)系的朦朧感覺(jué),術(shù)前調(diào)控不當(dāng)給麻醉帶來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),術(shù)后的隨訪(fǎng)對(duì)麻醉及疼痛治療方案調(diào)整有利等內(nèi)容,歡迎點(diǎn)擊下載。
圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)ppt是由紅軟PPT免費(fèi)下載網(wǎng)推薦的一款課件PPT類(lèi)型的PowerPoint.
從“麻醉學(xué)”過(guò)渡到“麻醉與圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)”是麻醉學(xué)發(fā)展的應(yīng)走之路
東南大學(xué)附屬中大醫(yī)院 麻醉科
景亮
jinglg@gmail.com
一、對(duì)麻醉與圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)關(guān)系的朦朧感覺(jué)(1)
作為麻醉科主任,要:
精于麻醉學(xué)理論和技術(shù)
善于處置危難重癥
嚴(yán)于學(xué)術(shù)道德
敢于承擔(dān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)責(zé)任
勇于探索學(xué)科建設(shè)道路
融于醫(yī)療團(tuán)隊(duì)
淡于名利地位
一、對(duì)麻醉與圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)關(guān)系的朦朧感覺(jué)(2)
在麻醉實(shí)踐中,經(jīng)常感到麻醉質(zhì)量的提高和控制不是靠簡(jiǎn)單的會(huì)議和決議,不是靠制定繁雜的制度所能解決。
麻醉醫(yī)生對(duì)自身醫(yī)療責(zé)任意識(shí)的提高,對(duì)醫(yī)療過(guò)程的總結(jié)和反思,與手術(shù)醫(yī)生和ICU醫(yī)生的交流,都對(duì)麻醉質(zhì)量的提高和改善有重要意義。
由此產(chǎn)生最起碼的直覺(jué),麻醉質(zhì)量與圍術(shù)期醫(yī)療密切相關(guān),圍術(shù)期醫(yī)療活動(dòng)不能只停留在口頭,作為科主任必須帶頭身體力行,督促檢查。
一、對(duì)麻醉與圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)關(guān)系的朦朧感覺(jué)(3)
從今年7月起,我科強(qiáng)化了術(shù)前的訪(fǎng)視和術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng)工作,術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng)情況由學(xué)生和進(jìn)修生匯報(bào)改為住院總、住院醫(yī)師親自匯報(bào),科主任抽查主治醫(yī)師以上的術(shù)后匯報(bào)工作。術(shù)前特殊病情需向主任或值班主任匯報(bào),及時(shí)與病房醫(yī)生溝通。
通過(guò)以上活動(dòng)對(duì)改善麻醉質(zhì)量有一定促進(jìn)作用。
舉例
女,80,3428XX。左股骨頸骨折,入院三天后擬行全髖置換術(shù),麻醉科看病人發(fā)現(xiàn)電介質(zhì)異常,K 3.39mmol/L, Na 112 mmol/L,
Cl 78.2 mmol/L, 停手術(shù)糾正,四天后基本正常,同意手術(shù),術(shù)后恢復(fù)順利。
男,76,3421XX。高血壓。180/100,高危)股骨頸骨折,上呼吸道感染,胸片雙肺紋理增多,咳嗽,多痰,連續(xù)三天發(fā)燒,體溫波動(dòng)在37.7-38.0之間。骨科擬行全髖置換。麻醉科看病人后建議暫停手術(shù),控制肺部感染,呼吸道癥狀緩解后手術(shù)。骨科最終采納麻醉科意見(jiàn),病人連續(xù)四天治療后,硬膜外麻醉下手術(shù),術(shù)后恢復(fù)順利。
舉例
男,56,3425XX。MED手術(shù)后腰腿疼痛,行動(dòng)障礙。擬行椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定、髓核摘除、椎間融合術(shù)。兩月前行心臟支架手術(shù),一直口服抗凝藥阿斯匹林和另一抗凝藥。雙肺紋理增多,血小板5.4W,復(fù)查5.3W。凝血機(jī)能(PT,APTT)基本正常。支架手術(shù)后半年內(nèi)非搶救性手術(shù)不宜施行,建議骨科慎重。手術(shù)停,病人自動(dòng)出院。
也有麻醉科保守的時(shí)候:
男,28,3426XX。 胸腰椎骨折復(fù)合傷, 術(shù)前連續(xù)三天發(fā)燒>38, 發(fā)燒前3天 WBC170000,中性83%.術(shù)前一天物理降溫,給予抗菌素。C-蛋白46,手術(shù)胸腰椎,股骨、脛腓骨、跟骨切開(kāi)復(fù)位,同種異體骨植骨內(nèi)固定?紤]到全身免疫反應(yīng)增強(qiáng)實(shí)施植骨恐有影響,麻醉科建議停手術(shù),速?gòu)?fù)查血常規(guī),明確發(fā)燒性質(zhì)治療后手術(shù)。骨科急查血常規(guī),WBC和中性正常,考慮為創(chuàng)傷后吸收熱發(fā)燒,要求如期手術(shù)。麻醉科同意,術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng)恢復(fù)好。麻醉科也要考慮骨科意見(jiàn)。
術(shù)前調(diào)控不當(dāng)給麻醉帶來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
外院急會(huì)診麻醉。男,74歲,胃癌伴幽門(mén)梗阻,低 Na、Cl血癥, 低蛋白血癥(2.3g), 高血壓、糖尿病(16mmol/L)、糖尿病性心臟病, 貧血(HB8.6g).
術(shù)前三天作了電介質(zhì)糾正和輸血,但血糖一直波動(dòng)在13-18mmol/L,在全麻下行胃癌根治術(shù)。
手術(shù)歷時(shí)6小時(shí),失血1200ml±,術(shù)中血壓波動(dòng),循環(huán)維持多方調(diào)整,控制容量,控制血糖,胰島素用量達(dá)60u,血糖基本波動(dòng)在12-15mmol/L。
術(shù)前調(diào)控不當(dāng)給麻醉帶來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
術(shù)后40分清醒,拔管。呼吸平穩(wěn),鎮(zhèn)痛治療,輸血至HB10g以上。
但血糖急劇反彈至18mmol/L,夜12點(diǎn)電話(huà)會(huì)診,指導(dǎo):1.容量,2.胰島素治療,3.補(bǔ)電介質(zhì),4.鎮(zhèn)靜
兩天后血糖逐步控制,無(wú)其他并發(fā)癥,10天順利出院。
老年糖尿病人,一定要重視術(shù)前機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境調(diào)整,減少術(shù)后危險(xiǎn)
術(shù)后的隨訪(fǎng)對(duì)麻醉及疼痛治療方案調(diào)整有利
術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛管理,效果評(píng)價(jià),處方調(diào)整:
-腔鏡手術(shù)的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛(凱紛?凱紛+利多卡因?)
-瑞芬太尼靜脈麻醉的利弊(痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏的程度,治療方案:
用法優(yōu)化?
小劑量芬太尼? 凱紛?
凱紛+氯胺酮? 凱紛+利多卡因? 諾揚(yáng)?
術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng)對(duì)防治麻醉并發(fā)癥有利
了解肺部并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率和關(guān)聯(lián)因素
-麻醉方式,藥物選用(肌松劑),輸液量是否妥當(dāng)?
-呼吸功能鍛煉,全身營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,術(shù)前臟器功能等
了解休克病人術(shù)后的治療轉(zhuǎn)歸,麻醉過(guò)程與之的相關(guān)因素?
術(shù)前已存的加雜癥對(duì)術(shù)后恢復(fù)的影響,修正術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備
的觀念和指征
-糖尿病,高血壓,凝血機(jī)能異常,電介質(zhì)狀況等
術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng)增加麻醉醫(yī)生 參與圍術(shù)期醫(yī)療活動(dòng)機(jī)會(huì)
與手術(shù)醫(yī)生的交流,學(xué)習(xí)專(zhuān)科管理知識(shí),展示麻醉醫(yī)生對(duì)生命機(jī)能調(diào)控的才能
與ICU醫(yī)生交流,學(xué)習(xí)ICU技術(shù),了解危重病人的術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)歸,修正麻醉處理方案
二、 Raymond C. Roy教授使之理論系統(tǒng)化
2007CSA年會(huì)上的Raymond C. Roy教授講演是對(duì)之的很好總結(jié)和提高
提出了麻醉學(xué)未來(lái)20-30年發(fā)展的重要內(nèi)容
每一個(gè)麻醉醫(yī)生應(yīng)該意識(shí)到麻醉醫(yī)生不是簡(jiǎn)單的困守手術(shù)室實(shí)行被動(dòng)醫(yī)療行為。主動(dòng)、全面介入圍術(shù)期及侵入性診療、疼痛治療已是我們的責(zé)任
危重病治療有發(fā)展成專(zhuān)科的趨勢(shì),麻醉醫(yī)生更多關(guān)注的是參與、提高、共享。(本人觀點(diǎn))
Anesthesia practice in USA - 2 Types
“Limited” (majority)
Pre-operative assessment immediately prior to surgery
Operating room anesthesia
Post-anesthesia care unit (PACU)
“Expanded” (minority)
American Board of Anesthesiology definition
美國(guó)麻醉學(xué)會(huì)定義擴(kuò)展性麻醉學(xué)實(shí)際含義與下列醫(yī)療行為相關(guān),但不僅限制在這些領(lǐng)域(1):
Assessment of(評(píng)估), consultation for(咨詢(xún)), and
preparation of(準(zhǔn)備), patients for anesthesia.
Relief of pain during and following surgical,
obstetric, therapeutic and diagnostic procedures.
Monitoring and maintenance of normal
physiology during the peri-operative period.
Management of critically ill patients
Diagnosis and treatment of acute, chronic,
and cancer related pain
美國(guó)麻醉學(xué)會(huì)定義擴(kuò)展性麻醉學(xué)實(shí)際含義與下列醫(yī)療行為相關(guān),但不僅限制在這些領(lǐng)域(2):
6. Clinical management and teaching of cardiac and pulmonary resuscitation.
7. Evaluation of respiratory function and application of respiratory therapy.
8. Conduct of clinical and basic science research.
9. Supervision, teaching, and evaluation of performance of both medical and paramedical personnel involved in peri-operative care. (對(duì)醫(yī)師和醫(yī)輔人員進(jìn)行圍術(shù)期醫(yī)療的指導(dǎo),教學(xué)和評(píng)估)
Administrative involvement in health care facilities and organizations, and medical schools necessary to
implement these responsibilities.
HYPOTHESIS #1:
ANESTHESIOLOGIST
“Limited” Practice “Expanded” Practice
Operating Room Technician Peri-operative Physician
Death of Specialty Growth of Specialty
PERI-OPERATIVE PERIOD Change definition: time-based → physiology-based
Time-based (current):
Pre-operative evaluation
Intra-operative care
Post-operative care
Altered physiology-based (proposed):
Baseline physiology (± medical comorbidities)
Altered physiology
Surgical disease; stress of surgery, anesthesia, pain
Return to baseline physiology
HYPOTHESIS #2:
Anesthesiologists should become the experts understanding and controlling the altered physiology associated with the peri-operative period
麻醉醫(yī)生應(yīng)該成為了解和控制圍術(shù)期已改變了的生理狀態(tài)的專(zhuān)家
圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)為什么重要?(1)
降低麻醉相關(guān)的圍術(shù)期危險(xiǎn)因素:
Risk of surgical site infection increases with:
Intra-operative hypothermia
Peri-operative hyperglycemia
Late antibiotic administration
(Blood transfusion)
(Oxygen content)
-Mauermann WJ, Nemergut EC: The anesthesiologist’s role in the prevention of surgical site infection. Anesthesiology 2006; 105:413-21.
圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)為什么重要?(2)
Postoperative pulmonary complications (atelectasis, pneumonia) increase when use longer-acting (pancuronium) versus shorter-acting (atracurium, vecuronium) neuromuscular blocking agents
-Berg H, et al: Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41:1095-103
圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥的改善:區(qū)域麻醉/全麻
Outcomes:
Controlled studies: regional = general
Better peri-operative care and monitoring in controlled studies
General practice: regional > general
Poorer peri-operative care and monitoring in general practice
Need to make general practice more like controlled studies!
提示要更加注意對(duì)圍術(shù)期病情的調(diào)控
HYPOTHESIS #3:
If anesthesiologists become experts in controlling the altered physiology of the peri-operative period,
If they contribute to a significant reduction in total peri-operative risk,
Then anesthesiology will survive as a specialty,
Then anesthesiology will grow as a specialty.
如果麻醉醫(yī)師在控制圍術(shù)期已改變的生理狀況方面是專(zhuān)家,如果在減少?lài)g(shù)期危險(xiǎn)因素上做出更多努力,則麻醉學(xué)將作為一個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè),在此基礎(chǔ)上可獲得更大的發(fā)展。
舉例: ANESTHESIA-RELATED MEDICAL RISK (AM)
The risk of peri-operative myocardial infarction in vascular surgery patients decreases with:
Pre-operative administration of statins
Hindler K, et al: Anesthesiology 2006; 105:1260-72
Peri-operative administration of β-blockers
Fleisher LA: Anesth Analg 2007; 104:1-3.
Appropriate perioperative HR, BP, and intravascular volume control
(Regional anesthesia/analgesia)
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AFTER AAA SURGERY (≥ 3 RISK FACTORS)Kertai et al. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:4-7
PRACTICE MODELS“Estimated” % USA Anesthesiologists Time in Each
若聽(tīng)任‘限制型’麻醉發(fā)展, 則可加速麻醉學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)的消亡
Standardization (下面的診療規(guī)范化后)
↑ minimally-invasive surgery (sedation > anesthesia)
↑ interventional cardiology/radiology & surgery
↑ sedatives and analgesics with better safety profiles
Pharmacogenomics (patient-targeted drugs)
Tele-/virtual (遠(yuǎn)程/視頻)anesthesia – direction from control room
Warner MA: Anesthesiology 2006;104:1094-11
Miller RD: ASA Task Force on Future Paradigms of anesthesia practice.
教授提出:ANESTHESIA or PERI-OPERATIVE MEDICINE
“I propose peri-operative medicine and pain management as a term that is both unambiguous and describes the totality of what we do (or what we should do).”
“我提出把圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)和疼痛治療看作同一個(gè)含義,即這兩者都清楚的表明了我們已做或應(yīng)該做的全部?jī)?nèi)容。”
Saidman L: The 33rd Rovenstine Lecture: what I have learned from 9 years and 9,000 papers. Anesthesiology 1995;83:191-7
進(jìn)一步過(guò)渡到: 圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)和疼痛治療(麻醉醫(yī)師名稱(chēng)消失?)
“We propose a series of time-dependent departmental name changes from anesthesiology to anesthesia and peri-operative medicine to peri-operative medicine and pain management.”
“The rate of change will depend on when we can achieve a consensus definition for peri-operative medicine and how successful we are in our efforts to convince those outside the profession of the validity of this project.”
Alpert CC, Conway JM, Roy RC: Anesthesia and peri-operative medicine: a department of anesthesiology changes its name. Anesthesiology 1996;84:712-5
結(jié)局:TWO POSSIBLE FUTURES
ANESTHESIOLOGIST (MD)
“Limited” Practice “Expanded” Practice
Anesthetist (MD, CRNA, AA) Peri-operative Physician
Operating Room Technician Health System Leader
Death of Specialty Growth of Specialty
結(jié)局取決于我們的努力!
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