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初中英語詞匯教與學(xué) 一、詞匯教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀及存在的問題 （一）單元詞匯教學(xué)不分主次，不分順序，平均分配時(shí)間， 造成學(xué)生詞匯記憶負(fù)擔(dān)過重，詞匯教學(xué)效率低下。 （二）詞匯教學(xué)求深而不求廣，導(dǎo)致學(xué)生的詞匯量難以有效擴(kuò)展。 （三）詞匯教學(xué)方法單一，缺乏語境，導(dǎo)致學(xué)生學(xué)得快，忘得也快。 （四）詞匯教學(xué)缺乏學(xué)習(xí)策略指導(dǎo)，不利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的獨(dú)立學(xué)習(xí)能力。 （五）詞匯教學(xué)重記憶、輕運(yùn)用，不利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言運(yùn)用能力。 二、詞匯教學(xué)攻略 （一）理解詞匯教學(xué)的內(nèi)容及意義 （二）明確詞匯教學(xué)的五個特征 （三）掌握詞匯教學(xué)的方法 （四）詞匯教學(xué)的模式 （一）理解詞匯教學(xué)的內(nèi)容及意義 新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)明確規(guī)定了詞匯教學(xué)的目標(biāo)和要求：培養(yǎng)學(xué)生根據(jù)語境或構(gòu)詞法知識推測詞義和理解句意的能力。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)能夠準(zhǔn)確的掌握同根詞或多義詞在文中的意思并準(zhǔn)確地理解文章。使學(xué)生學(xué)到規(guī)定數(shù)量的單詞，掌握學(xué)習(xí)詞匯和快速記憶單詞的方法。 具體內(nèi)容包括以下幾個方面： 1. 語域2．搭配3．派生 4．語法規(guī)則 5．意義 What does it mean to know a word? [in'dʒɔi] v. 享受，喜歡 英文釋義： get pleasure from 【詞形變化】 名詞: enjoyment 動詞過去式: enjoyed 動詞過去分詞: enjoyed 動詞現(xiàn)在分詞: enjoying 動詞第三人稱單數(shù): enjoys 副詞: enjoyably 形容詞: enjoyable 【語法用法】 enjoy后可接名詞，代詞，反身代詞或動名詞，但不能接不定式。 I enjoy hunting. We enjoyed the holidays. We enjoyed ourselves during the holidays. 【詞義辨析】 like， love，prefer，enjoy 這些動詞都有“喜歡、喜愛”之意。 like: 最常用詞，往往只表不太強(qiáng)烈的興趣或關(guān)注，不帶強(qiáng)烈的感情，除非另加修飾語。 love: 不但表示強(qiáng)烈的喜歡，而且含依戀之情，因此多用于能激起深厚情感的人或物。 enjoy: 指對能提供感觀或智力上滿足或快樂的東西表示欣賞或喜愛。 prefer: 指有選擇性或偏向性的喜歡。 例句與用法： I enjoy singing， much more listening to music. 我喜歡唱歌，更不用說聽音樂了。 Now that I am free， I can enjoy music for a while. 既然有空，我可以享受一下音樂。 How did you enjoy the concert? 你喜歡那場音樂會嗎？ （二）明確詞匯教學(xué)的六個特征： 1．詞句結(jié)合，詞篇結(jié)合，在語境中深化。 2．以新帶舊，以舊學(xué)新，溫故而知新。 3．學(xué)以致用，學(xué)用結(jié)合，在運(yùn)用中掌握。 4．訓(xùn)練策略，形成習(xí)慣，培養(yǎng)自主學(xué)習(xí)能力。 5．課內(nèi)課外并舉，拓展詞匯學(xué)用渠道。 6．科學(xué)記憶，循序漸進(jìn)，提高詞匯學(xué)習(xí)效率。 （三）掌握詞匯教學(xué)的方法 1．直觀法 8、自主探究法 2．演示法 9、歸類記憶法 3．表演法 10、猜詞法 4．語境法 11、英文解釋法 5．聯(lián)想法 12、構(gòu)詞法 6．圖解法 13、翻譯法 7．游戲法 14、詞典法 直觀法1、運(yùn)用實(shí)物 2、運(yùn)用照片和圖片 3、運(yùn)用簡筆畫 利用多媒體課件 dinosaur Can you tell me how to make a banana milk shake? 2．演示法(enough ) 例1：I am strong enough to break the branch. Who is strong enough to break the branch? Who isn’t strong enough to break it? 演示法 例2：教學(xué) How do you make a banana milk shake這一單元的生詞時(shí)，教師準(zhǔn)備了香蕉、牛奶、水果刀、榨汁機(jī)等，邊說邊演示。 First， Peel 3 bananas. Then， cut them up. Next， put them into the blender. Next， pour the yogurt into the blender. Next， turn on the blender. Finally， drink it. the milk shake 3．表演法 open， close， run， Jump， eat， sleep happy， sad， surprised get on well with each other get on badly with each other 4．語境法 Lazy borrow Water! “我渴，能給我點(diǎn)水嗎？” “當(dāng)心，地上有水” “洪水來啦” Bright What a bright sunny day! A bright boy learn fast. Her face was bright with happiness. The garden is bright with flowers. Be right in the eyes. Bright red Bright green Bright yellow die I’m dying to see you! He is dying of hunger. The flowers are dying. 5．聯(lián)想法 （1）歸類聯(lián)想 交通類：bus， car， traffic 水果類：beach， pear， cherry 食品類：noodle， beef， porridge 飲品類：Soda， ice cream， meat 文具類：stationery， eraser 餐名類：meal， dinner， lunch （2）近義、反義聯(lián)想 expensive—dear easy—difficult warm—cool sunny—cloudy （3）上下義聯(lián)想 （4）詞綴聯(lián)想 care—careful， careless， carefully happy—happily， unhappy， happiness （5）拆字聯(lián)想 often: of/ten blackboard: black/board （6）語音聯(lián)想 清濁音聯(lián)想：close [kl ous] [klo uz] 長短音聯(lián)想：lead [li:d] [led] 同音聯(lián)想：won， one 擬音聯(lián)想：bar， 吧 （7）語義聯(lián)想desert camel， sand， strong wind， sandstorm， hot， dry， little rain， few plants， vast land， wasteland， small population， beautiful， dangerous， get lost Light，“電燈”，電燈會發(fā)光，所以有“光線”的意思，有了光線就明亮了，從而還有“明亮”的意思。 Change ，嫦娥奔月，改變了她的命運(yùn) 。 Business ，公共汽車?yán)锩嬉恢基Z和兩條蛇正在談生意 。 Earth ，地球上的人用耳朵聽話。 Island ，島嶼是大海中的一片陸地。 6、圖解法 （1）倒金字塔幫你排憂解難 ——表示數(shù)量的形容詞、名詞和代詞連用圖解 （2）表示可能性程度的形容詞圖示法 （3）圖解頻度副詞的百分比 （4）——at ( in， on) the corner等四組詞圖解at the corner， in the corner， on the corner （5）in the tree， on the tree （6）代詞教學(xué) 7．游戲法 close your eyes， put up your hands kick your foot clap， shake， wave nod 實(shí)例教學(xué)一 游戲名稱：記單詞競賽 教學(xué)目的：鞏固復(fù)習(xí)近階段學(xué)過的單詞，培養(yǎng)形象思考能力、反應(yīng)能力和觀察力。 游戲說明：老師將要考查的單詞卡放在講臺上，并將全班分成AB組，每組每次各選派代表到前臺抽取一張單詞卡。學(xué)生代表認(rèn)出單詞后，可以用圖畫、手勢、表情等各種方法來表現(xiàn)一個單詞的形象或一個單詞的含義，本組學(xué)生通過看和聽，同時(shí)讀出該單詞，正確者累計(jì)得分。 實(shí)例教學(xué)二 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)：數(shù)詞 教學(xué)目的：鞏固數(shù)詞的學(xué)習(xí)，訓(xùn)練對數(shù)詞的表達(dá)和反應(yīng)能力 游戲說明：將全班分成八組，要老師用紙條寫出八組數(shù)字，每組派代表到前面抽取一張，不看，交給老師，老師小聲讀出數(shù)字，學(xué)生默記在心，然后小聲用英語讀給本組的下一個學(xué)生聽，最后一名學(xué)生聽后，馬上跑到黑板上寫出那組數(shù)字，看誰寫得又快又對，累計(jì)得分 實(shí)例教學(xué)三 游戲名稱：描述猜詞 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)：任何實(shí)物類詞匯 教學(xué)目的：培養(yǎng)學(xué)生解詞、猜詞能力和協(xié)作精神。 游戲說明：兩人配合做該游戲，通過多媒體播放不同的實(shí)物圖片，甲生背向屏幕，乙生看圖用英文描述該物品，甲生猜測屏幕上顯示的是何物。要求乙生不能直接說該物品的名稱。 Guess S1: Is it a noun or a verb? S2: It’s a noun. S1: Where can we find it， inside school or outside school? S3: Outside school. S1: What shape is it? S4: It’s round. S1: What is it for? S5: It is a kind of food. S1: Western food or Chinese food? S6: Western food. S1: Is it popular here? S7: Yes， quite popular. Most young people like it very much. S1: Is it “hamburger”? S7: Yes， you are right. It’s “hamburger 8、自主探究法 （1）自主學(xué)習(xí)詞匯 （2）開展詞匯的探究性學(xué)習(xí) (3)開展詞匯的合作學(xué)習(xí) S1：graduate S2：Alice graduated from Beijing university 3 years ago. S3：What did he do after he graduated? S4：As a graduate， she often helped some children with their studies. 9、歸類記憶法 常用詞組歸類 動詞詞組 take a rest take exercise take photos take a bus take me to . Take the third left. take medicine 介詞詞組： in front of， across from， at home， at school… 習(xí)慣表達(dá)： Here you are. Have a good trip. Can I help you… 名詞詞組： a pair of， a bottle of， a cup of， Chinese food 同義詞 pencil box-pencil case ， cab-taxi， bike-bicycle ， mittens-mitts， telephone-phone softly-quietly... 反義詞 clean-dirty ， wet-dry， first-last， go-come ， put on –take off ， loud-quiet， hard-soft ，slow- fast… 主題歸類 運(yùn)用頭腦風(fēng)暴 意義歸類 adventure dangerous rough astonishing  tiring wild risky exciting uncomfortable 意義歸類 意義歸類(die) He has pass away. He is no more. He is no longer with us . His time has come. He is resting in peace. He is sleeping with his fathers. He has gone west. He has none out of this world. He has gone to the better world. 10 、猜詞法 通過因果關(guān)系猜詞 You shouldn't have blamed him for that， for it wasn't his fault All his attempts to unlock the door was futile， because he was using the wrong key. 通過同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞 .He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother. In the ancient city of Rome ， we visited every mansion ， church， battle site， theatre and other public halls. Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate. 通過構(gòu)詞法猜詞 dis-im-un-表否定ful-less-ous-是形容詞后綴等。 要求學(xué)生掌握一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語法知識。如dis- im- un- 表否定；-ful –less –ous是形容詞后綴等。 He has renamed the restaurant “Paradise 通過定義或釋義關(guān)系來推測詞義 定義或釋義常用is， or， that is， in other words， be called，或破折號等來表示。 A calendar is a list of the days ，weeks， months of a particular year. The herdsman ， who looks after sheep， earns about 650yuan a year. 通過上下文來推測詞義 Chicken becomes rotten very quickly.It can go bad in a refrigerator if left there for more than a week. 通過描述猜詞 I t’s very big and heavy. It has a long nose and big ears. What is it? 11、英文解釋法 同義詞、近義詞或反義詞解釋詞 dumb―If you are dumb， you cannot speak. pretty―beautiful， dull―boring， dangerous―not safe 下定義法 Snake-----wild animal， long，soft，legless，dangerous，poison 詞匯互釋 Lately--------if something has happened lately，it has happened recently 12、構(gòu)詞法 （1）合成，即由兩個或更多的詞合成一個詞。例如：pea(豌豆）＋nuts（堅(jiān)果）-- peanut（花生） （2）派生，即加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另一個詞，happy--unhappy（加前綴）happiness（加后綴） （3）轉(zhuǎn)化 例如： 　　picture(n)畫-picture(v)描繪 water(N)水--water（v) 澆水 13、翻譯法 翻譯法就是將英語單詞的意思直接翻譯成漢語。翻譯法比較適用于那些不便用直觀法、表演法和構(gòu)詞法等教學(xué)的詞匯，尤其是一些專業(yè)術(shù)語或表示抽象概念的詞匯，如basic， challenge， the present perfect tense和the passive voice等。 14、詞典法 ①讓學(xué)生將一組單詞按字母順序排列，這是查詞典的基本能力；②用比賽的方式讓學(xué)生在詞典中快速查找單詞，以訓(xùn)練他們查詞典的能力；③要求學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文快速選擇單詞的詞義，訓(xùn)練他們正確理解文章和準(zhǔn)確選擇詞義的能力。 （四）詞匯教學(xué)模式 １．導(dǎo)入 ２．操練 ３．運(yùn)用 ４．小結(jié) ５．拓展和延伸 ６．布置作業(yè) how is the weather? drought thunder Heavy snow 三、科學(xué)組織詞匯教學(xué)，全面提高學(xué)生運(yùn)用詞匯表述的能力 （一）設(shè)計(jì)豐富多彩的教學(xué)活動，點(diǎn)燃學(xué)習(xí)熱情，激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的興趣，。 （二）運(yùn)用科學(xué)的記憶方法，提高學(xué)生記憶單詞的效率。 （三）注重詞匯教學(xué)的七個方面 設(shè)計(jì)豐富多彩的教學(xué)活動，點(diǎn)燃學(xué)習(xí)熱情，激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的興趣 1、聽歌，學(xué)單詞 has come and passed The innocent can never last wake me up when ends like my fathers come to pass seven years has so fast wake me up when september ends here comes the rain again from the stars drenched in my again becoming who we are Try 1、聽歌、學(xué)單詞 聽歌記單詞 2、賞詩，記單詞 例1：學(xué)生初學(xué)英語數(shù)字時(shí)，教師可以選取這首小詩： One， two， three， four， Mary at the kitchen door. Five， six， seven， eight， Mary at the garden gate. Nine， ten， nine， ten， Mary finds a big hen. 例2：當(dāng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)了有關(guān)蔬菜和水果的單詞后，教師可以用下面這首小詩幫助學(xué)生鞏固所學(xué)知識： Green corn and tomatoes， Sweet and nice potatoes. Blackberries， blackberries， Fresh and fine， Just off the vine. 例3：學(xué)了關(guān)于季節(jié)的單詞，老師給學(xué)生展示了以Spring為題的一首小詩： Spring is a story Flowers tell in the rain. Spring is a song Birds sing in the sun. Spring is a ballet Winds dance in the afternoon 3、讀諺語、格言，學(xué)單詞 不定代詞 Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 三個和尚沒水吃 One man’s meat is another man’s poison. 蘿卜青菜，各有所愛 介詞 Good advice is beyond all price. 忠言無價(jià) Pride goes before a fall. 驕兵必?cái)?Never judge a person by his looks. 切勿以貌取人 數(shù)詞 One boy is a boy， two boys half a boy， three boys no boy. 一個和尚挑水吃，兩個和尚抬水吃，三個和尚沒水吃 A stitch in time saves nine. 一針及時(shí)省九針 4、猜的活動 猜，永遠(yuǎn)是學(xué)生最感興趣的活動之一，猜詞不僅可以營造輕松和諧的課堂氛圍，還能檢測詞匯學(xué)習(xí)效果，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生思維敏捷性 “猜一猜” “What’s in my bag？” 上課時(shí)，教師出示一個包，告訴學(xué)生里面裝了學(xué)習(xí)用品或玩具等，讓學(xué)生猜一猜。學(xué)生的好奇心很快被激發(fā)，都想知道包里的東西，不停地用以前學(xué)過的單詞猜包里的東西（沒學(xué)過的單詞可以用中文）。如果猜不到，還可以讓學(xué)生摸一摸、聞一聞，然后再猜。最后教師出示答案，呈現(xiàn)新的單詞。 猜動物名稱 . T: I have four legs. I have a shell. I move very slowly. Ss: Tortoise. T: I have long ears. I eat lots of vegetables. Ss: Rabbit. T: I have fur. I sleep a lot. My favourite food is fish. Ss: Cat. 趣味猜單詞 Family的含義是什么？ Golf的含義是什么？ News的含義是什么 Business Island Earth Who is he? Who is he? She can’t be ______. She could/might be ______. 4、看圖，訓(xùn)練重點(diǎn)詞句 Though （1）Though the farmer is old， he wears the 　　　　　　　beautiful clothes. （2）Though the farmer is poor， he is happy. （3）Though he is tired， he goes on working. （4）Though it is dark， he still works. （5）Though there is nothing in the field， 　 he kept on digging What does he/she look like? He is of medium build 5、編故事，鞏固關(guān)鍵詞 教師可以挑選一些重要的詞，讓學(xué)生編故事，以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性使用詞匯的能力。如，學(xué)習(xí)了一些有關(guān)看病的詞匯，教師可以讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用下列詞匯創(chuàng)編一個故事：examine， patient， at the doctor’s， advise， be rich in， put on weight， lose weight。下面是一位學(xué)生創(chuàng)編的故事： There was a patient at the doctor’s. She liked to eat meat and sugar. Which are rich in fat. So she put on weight. The doctor examined her and advised her to eat fruit and vegetables instead. She followed the doctor’s advice. At the end of the year she lost weight and became more beautiful. honest wolf， sheep， village， fun， crowd， cry wolf 抽到wolf的學(xué)生開始講故事：That’s me. I’m the boy. I’m not the wolf. This is my story. One day I was given a big job－watching a big herd of sheep. This was a pretty tough job. And I began shouting “Wolf!” And the people from the village heard me. They came funning sheep “Where is the wolf? How about your sheep?” the villagers asked. I laughed and told them that there was no wolf and I just practiced shouting. I went back to my job， and the villagers went back to the village. After a while， in order to let the sheep know they were safe with me， I cried “Wolf! Wolf!” village he villagers heard me shouting. They came running again. “What’s happening?” But there was no wolf again. I went back to my job， and again the villagers went back to the village. fun This was fun! It’s not often that a whole village will listen to a kid like me. After a while， I decided to practice once more， as if I saw a big wolf. crowd A big crowd from the little village came running to help me again. But there was no big wolf again. The villagers were not happy. And they all headed back to the village. But then a big hungry wolf really did come to steal the sheep! cry I cried “Wolf!” No one came. I shouted “Wolf!” No one came again. I yelled “wolf!” No one came any more 6、表演情景短劇，呈現(xiàn)新詞 Where’s the post office? 課前，把教室的桌子拉開距離，開辟出一條條“街道”。在桌面貼上bank， bookshop， supermarket， hospital， traffic light， cinema， post office， police station， school之類的圖片，使教室變成一個“小城鎮(zhèn)”。課上，讓幾位同學(xué)扮演“警察”來指揮交通、指路，再請幾位同學(xué)扮演“行人”來問題。 （二）運(yùn)用科學(xué)的記憶方法，提高學(xué)生記憶單詞的效率。 1．構(gòu)詞法 2.順口溜和口訣 3.聯(lián)想記憶 4.分類記憶 5.典型例句記憶 6.卡片記憶 7.循環(huán)記憶 構(gòu)詞法 字母替代，改變詞性，配對記憶 字母綴加，改變詞義，拓展記憶 拆字教學(xué)，以舊帶新，化零為整 詞的派生（前綴，后綴） 詞的復(fù)合 詞的混成 字母替代，改變詞性，配對記憶 Live生活——life生命 give給——gift禮物 half一半——halve平攤 thieve偷——thief小偷 save拯救——safe安全 sing唱歌——song歌 advise v. 勸告——advice n. 忠告 practise v. 練習(xí)——practice n. 練習(xí) food n. 食物——feed v. 喂養(yǎng) tooth n. 牙——teethe v. 出牙 字母綴加，改變詞義，拓展記憶 arm臂膀——arms武器 time時(shí)間——times時(shí)代，次數(shù) custom習(xí)慣——customs海關(guān) work工作——works著作 wood木頭——woods樹林 look看——looks容貌 cloth布料——clothe穿衣 weigh重——weight重量 拆字教學(xué)，以舊帶新，化零為整 vege＋table桌子＝vegetable蔬菜（只記vege） of＋ten＝often經(jīng)常 s＋word詞＝sword劍 詞的派生 A、前綴 B、后綴  前綴（1） en使 enlarge擴(kuò)大 endanger危及 arch大 archbishop大主教 bi雙 biplane雙翼飛機(jī) bimonthly雙月刊 tri三 tricycle三輪車 triangle三角形 multi多 multinational多民族 co合 coagent合作者 cohabit同居 de降 degrade降級 decrease減少 fore先，前 forehead前額 forerunner 前綴（2） mono單 monotone單調(diào) monologue獨(dú)白 re再，又 retell再敘述 restore恢復(fù) pro親 pro-British親英 counter反 counter-revolution反革命 counterattack反攻 in不 incorrect不正確 informal非正式 immoral不道德 impolite不禮貌 irregular不規(guī)則 illegal非法 micro微 microscope顯微鏡 microfilm微型膠卷 mis誤 misunderstand誤解 misspell誤拼 后綴（1） 1)形容詞 -able可 drinkable eatable al的 autumnal final ful的 shameful harmful -less缺/無 homeless joyless -like（似）的 childlike lifelike 后綴（2） 2)名詞 -a/an人 musician -ee（被動接受的）人 employee trainee -or/er（主動實(shí)施的）人 engineer visitor -ist家，者 communist moralist -ess（女）人 hostess huntress -hood時(shí)期/身份 childhood neighborhood -ese語 Chinese Japanese -ism主義 communism -ology學(xué)科 physiology technology 詞的復(fù)合(compound word) n.＋n. landlord bathroom adj.＋n. blackboard prep.＋n. onlooker v.＋n. pickpocket scarecrow adj.＋adj. widespread n.＋adj. nationwide heartbroken prep.＋adj. abovementioned prep.＋v. overdo（做過了頭） n.＋prep.＋n. mother-in-law 詞的混成（blending） television broadcast——telecast電視播送 smoke fog——smog煙霧 breakfast lunch——brunch早午餐 2、順口溜和口決 例1： be動詞用法歌 I用am，you用are，is用于他、她、它（he is ，she is ，it is），所有的復(fù)數(shù)都用are. 例2：序數(shù)詞構(gòu)成歌 基變序，有規(guī)律。 一二三，專門記（first second third）。 th從四加起（fourth sixth seventh）， 八去t，九減e（eighth ninth）， ve要用f替（five-fifth twelve-twelfth）， ty變成tie（twenty-twentieth forth-fortieth）， 大數(shù)只變最后一（236 two hundred and thirty-sixth）。 例3：正確使用such和so的順口溜 so和such二者都有“這么，這樣”之意，不少同學(xué)在使用它們時(shí)容易混淆。為幫助記憶，可編一句順口溜： 名前such，形、副so，多多少少仍用so. 例4：some time， sometime， some times， sometimes 分開是“一段”，相連是“某時(shí)”； 分開s是“倍、次”，相連s是“有時(shí)”。 讀讀上面四個句，便會運(yùn)用四個詞 3、聯(lián)想記憶 Vegetable，因?yàn)槭鞘卟耍�所以含有大量維e，炒熟后，要放在桌上，所以詞尾是table，這樣聯(lián)想后，學(xué)生們很快記住了這一單詞。 4、分類記憶 如食品類，動物類，文具類，運(yùn)動類，交通類，電影類，家具類等等。 5、典型例句記憶 Famous ①I am famous as an English teacher. ②I am famous for my teaching method. Find ①I find him clever ②I find him to be clever ③I find him a clever boy ④I find that he is clever ⑤I found him smiling / tied to the tree 6、卡片記憶 要記憶的語言知識寫在卡片上，以便隨時(shí)取出復(fù)習(xí)，鞏固記憶。如單詞卡片，隨身攜帶，可以提高記憶效果 7、循環(huán)記憶法  根據(jù)艾賓浩斯的遺忘曲線，人的遺忘從識記后便開始，先快后慢，也就是說，識記最初的時(shí)間內(nèi)遺忘得較快，以后逐漸減慢，到一定時(shí)間后，幾乎不再遺忘。因此，復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)間間隔就應(yīng)是先短后長。當(dāng)天的內(nèi)容當(dāng)天晚上就要復(fù)習(xí)，以后每隔2、4、8、16、 32、64、128天……都要按時(shí)重現(xiàn)、再認(rèn)，這樣進(jìn)行多次的重復(fù)不但能形成長時(shí)間的記憶而且效果較好。 （三）詞匯教學(xué)中應(yīng)注重的幾個方面 1、注重語音教學(xué) 2、注重詞的外延與內(nèi)涵 3、注重詞的搭配： 4、注重詞的呈現(xiàn) 5 、注重中西方文化差異 6 、注重詞匯教學(xué)的時(shí)機(jī) 7 、注重對詞匯的及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)及檢測 8、注重在課堂上注入時(shí)代氣息的新詞 注重詞的外延與內(nèi)涵 woman的語義特征為：female，human，adult；詞的內(nèi)涵意義，是詞的附加意義或聯(lián)想意義。這種附加意義是人們對該詞或短語所指的人或事物所持有的特殊情感或態(tài)度。例如，句子“The rugby team played like women.”就反映了一些人對woman的認(rèn)識：柔弱、缺乏男子漢的力量和速度等。 Find out the Chinese meanings of the following phrases Find out the Chinese meanings of the following phrases: （1）black tea ____________________ （2）green hills ____________________ （3）black and blue ____________________ （4）brown bread ____________________ （5）a green hand ____________________ （6）a blue Monday ____________________ （7）white sale ____________________ （8）white elephant ____________________ （9）white lie ____________________ （10）red flag ____________________ 注重詞的搭配： （1）語法搭配，比如：look for，worry about，believe in，enjoy doing sth，want to do sth。 （2）習(xí)慣搭配，比如：tell a story/a lie/the truth，而不能表達(dá)為say/speak a story，strong tea不能說成powerful tea，strong wind，heavy rain等等，英語中的語多搭配是約定俗成的，學(xué)生學(xué)會運(yùn)用即可。 注重中西方文化差異 hero，中國詞典對“hero”解釋為：有遠(yuǎn)大抱負(fù)，不畏艱難，為國家為民族作出重大貢獻(xiàn)的人；武藝高強(qiáng)，勇猛過人的人，像民族英雄，戰(zhàn)斗英雄等。 《朗文當(dāng)代高級英語辭典》對hero則定義為：（1）a man who is admired for doing something extremely brave; （2）Someone you admire very much for their intelligence， skill etc dog一詞，在英語國有被看作人類的朋友，甚至家庭中的一員，狗給人的印象是faithful和friendly。這種情感體現(xiàn)在眾多與“狗”有關(guān)的英語表達(dá)上，如“Love me， love my dog.” “Every dog has his day.”等；但在我國文化中，“狗”的內(nèi)涵意義通常是貶義的。 如：資本家的乏走狗，痛打落水狗，狗腿子，狗仗人勢等等 此外，還要關(guān)注英漢兩種語言在詞語組合上的不同順序：水陸 land and water；新舊 old and new；飲食 eat and drink；貧富 rich and poor；遲早 soon and later；死活 life and death；水火 fire and water；輕重 light and and heavy；左右 right and left；冷熱 hot and gold；寒暑 heat and cold；前后 back and forth；南北 north and south； 注重詞匯教學(xué)的時(shí)機(jī) 單元詞匯不應(yīng)在課前集中教學(xué)，是要根據(jù)活動或任務(wù)的需要分步進(jìn)行教學(xué)。這樣有助于分散難點(diǎn)，突出重點(diǎn)。比如，聽力中的詞匯應(yīng)在聽力練習(xí)過程中教學(xué)，閱讀中的詞匯要在閱讀過程中處理 注重詞的呈現(xiàn) How would you present it? hospital 1. 教師將hospital寫在黑板上，將“醫(yī)院”寫在單詞旁邊。指著單詞說，Say after me， hospital. 然后指著中文說，hospital的意思是“醫(yī)院”。 2. 教師將一張醫(yī)院的圖片貼在黑板上，指著圖片對學(xué)生說，Look， it’s a hospital. Say after me， hospital. 3. 教師將hospital一詞寫在黑板上，對學(xué)生說，Listen， a hospital is a place. Doctors work in a hospital， nurses work in a hospital too. What is a hospital? 學(xué)生回答，“醫(yī)院”。 結(jié)合上述案例，重看前面提到的呈現(xiàn)單詞意義的十種方式，思考并下列問題： 1)這些呈現(xiàn)方式各有什么利弊？ 2)有沒有哪些方法是特別適合呈現(xiàn)某一 類單詞的？ 3)有沒有哪些方法是特別適合哪一個學(xué)段 的學(xué)生的？ 4)在選擇單詞呈現(xiàn)方式時(shí)，你需要考慮哪 些因素？ 在選擇單詞呈現(xiàn)方式時(shí)，教師們需要考慮： 1）目標(biāo)詞匯本身的特點(diǎn)，如是具體事物還是抽 象概念； 2）學(xué)生的知識水平，如是否具有理解英文解釋 的知識和技能基礎(chǔ)； 3）學(xué)生的年齡，如對低齡學(xué)生更適于用實(shí)物、 圖片、動作、表情等呈現(xiàn)單詞，而高年 級的學(xué)生則易于接受比較抽象的語言解釋。 4）準(zhǔn)備工作所需要的投入。為呈現(xiàn)一個單詞而 投入太多的時(shí)間和精力去準(zhǔn)備材料顯然也不 現(xiàn)實(shí)。 成功呈現(xiàn)示例 教師在黑板上寫上一個學(xué)生已經(jīng)學(xué)過的單詞want，問學(xué)生， What word is this? 學(xué)生說，Want. 老師說，Good， it’s want. 接著，老師將字母t擦去，指著wan問學(xué)生，How do you say this? 學(xué)生回答，/ /. 老師在wan前面加了一個字母s，指著swan問學(xué)生，Now how do you say this word? 學(xué)生回答，Swan. 老師說，Excellent. It’s swan. But what is a swan? 學(xué)生沉默，這時(shí)，老師拿出一張?zhí)禊Z的圖片貼在單詞swan旁邊，指著圖中的天鵝說，Look， this is a swan. 6、注重對詞匯的及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)及檢測 （1）課后要及時(shí)布置有關(guān)詞匯的作業(yè) （2）詞匯聽寫。 （3）詞匯階段檢測 （4）詞的專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練 詞的專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練選詞填空題 題型簡介 短文填空題就是非選擇題的完形填空題， 在近幾年的各地中考中主要有以下幾種形式: 一是給出詞語，然后選用最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，且用其適當(dāng)形式填空. 二是在文章空白處填上恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，有的有首字母提示. 三是在文章空白后有一個單詞，作適當(dāng)變化后填空. 無論哪種形式，都是考查學(xué)生運(yùn)用語言知識的能力.針對今年中考，我們主要學(xué)習(xí)第一種選詞填空題。 How to stay happy? one， he ，good， foot， look， by， with， think， something，worry， hand，worse，sad， happy The day was like the other day in his life. Tom walked past the shop on the street corner. He stopped1 ____ at the front row of shoes， and he was happy to see that the pair of shoes he wanted very much were still there. Looking down， he felt sorry for 2_______He really wanted to have them for his birthday. He walked away3 ____ and thought how to tell his mother about it. He knew she would give him4 _______he liked if she could. But he also knew very well she had little money. He decided not to go home at5____， as he looked6 ______ and his mother would notice it. So he went to the park and sat on the grass . Then he saw a boy in a wheel chair. He noticed that the boy moved the chair 7 ___ his hands. one， he ，good， foot， look， by， with，thinksomething，worry， hand，worse，sad， happy Tom looked at him carefully and was surprised to see the boy had no 8 ___.He looked at his own feet. “It’smuch9______to be without shoes than without feet ，”he thought. There was no reason for him to feel sorry and sad. He went away and smiled，10 ______ he was happier. 1.sad-sadly( 副詞修飾動詞） eg. He is singing a song happily. 2.worry-worried(連系動詞后用形容詞） eg. The soup tastes delicious. 3.think-thinking(動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞做伴隨狀語） eg. There are many teachers here， listening to us. 常見詞性變化 動詞----- eg. look---to look， think---thinking 形容詞.副詞----- eg. sad---sadly， good---better 名詞------ eg. foot---feet 代詞----- eg. he---himself 數(shù)詞---- eg. one---once/first How to deal with problems? what， face， compare， physics， poor， how，regard，look，succeed，change，develop， with. Rich or 1 ， young or old， we all have problems. And unless we deal with our problems， we can easily become unhappy. Worrying about our problems can affect 2 we do things at school. It can also influence the ways we behave with our families. So how do we deal with our problems. There are many ways.  By 3 problems as challenges Many students often complain about school. They might feel they have too much work to do sometimes， or think the rules are too strict. We must learn how to 4________ these “problems” into “challenges”. Education is an important part of our5____________. As young adults， it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education6 the help of our teachers. what， face，compare， physics，poor，how. regard，look，succeed，change，develop，with By thinking of something worse By 7 yourself to other people， you will find your problems are not so terrible. Think about Stephen Hawking， for example， a very clever scientst， who regards his many 8______ problems as unimportant. He can't walk or even speak， but he has become very famous and 9________ .We are probably quite healthy and smart. Let’s not worry about our problems. Let’s 10 the challenges instead. Key points: 單詞的詞性變化: eg. prep+v.ing， adj+n/pron， adv+adj， v+adv， much/even+比較級， too/so/very…+原級， one of/序數(shù)詞+最高級…… 詞組的固定搭配: eg. regard..as..， compare..to… with the help of， at once… 語言的規(guī)范通俗: eg. how we do things， face the chanllege… 文意的理解運(yùn)用: eg. rich or poor， stop to look 事件的客觀真實(shí): eg. have no feet， look worried Steps（步驟）: First(首先）…… Second（第二步）….. Next（接下來）….. Then（然后）…… Finally（最后）….. Summary 方法步驟 一。泛讀文章， 了解大意. 不要孤立地理解某個句子， 以免斷章取義. 二。細(xì)讀文章， 確定詞義. 聯(lián)系文章大意和邏輯，常識性知識和語法結(jié)構(gòu)，確定所缺單詞或詞組. 三。結(jié)合語法， 確定詞性或詞組的正確形式. （“常見詞性變化”已小結(jié)） 四。先易后難， 逐一落實(shí). 難題先放在一邊， 最后結(jié)合文章的整體內(nèi)容分析，仔細(xì)體會作者意圖， 再作答. 五。重讀文章， 檢查答案. 代入答案后檢查意思是否通順.流暢，是否符合文章主旨大意和邏輯關(guān)系， 同時(shí)檢查單詞拼寫和形式是否有誤，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及時(shí)糾正. Passage 3 How to keep healthy? balance stress out stay away from  the risk of even if as if healthy that it prefer to be in agreement too much west Traditional Chinese doctors believe we need a balance of yin and yang to be healthy. For example ， are you often weak and tired ? Maybe you have 1_______ yin . You should eat hot yang foods， like beef. Eating Dangshen and Huangqi herbs is also good for this. But people who are too 2_______ and angry may have too much yang. Chinese doctors believe that they should eat more yin foods like tofu. Chinese medicine is now popular in many 3_______ countries. It’s easy to have a healthy lifestyle， and it’s important to eat a balanced diet. Most people 4_________ that fruit and vegetables are good for health， so I eat mainly fruit and vegetables ， and I 5_______________ sugar. I want to take care of my health. I believe that fast food 6_______ isn’t always bad for us， but too much of it is not good. I love to eat meat that’s well cooked. I’ve heard eating burnt food can increase _7_______ cancer. People who eat a balanced diet should be healthier than 8________ who only eat biscuits and hamburgers， shouldn’t they? I 9________ only eat food that I like， but isn’t it important to eat food that’s healthy， 10______ you don’t like it? The keys to P3(How to keep healthy): 1.too much 2. stressed out 3. western 4. are in agreement 5.stay away from 6. itself 7. the risk of 8. those 9. prefer to 10. even if 1.it-itself(反身代詞作主/賓語同位語） eg. Jack himself often washes his clothes. 2.that-those(不同范圍的同類事物 作比較，后者單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞用that， 復(fù)數(shù)用those. eg. The weather in Shenzhen is warmer than that in Beijing in winter. The trees here are stronger than those on that hill. Passage 4 How to behave well? a bit of， challenge， be different from， speak， even， think， another， keep， get， improve， pretty， be the same as， a little I’m having a great time on my exchange program in France . It’s1______better than I thought it would be. I was 2_______ nervous before I arrived here， but there was no reason be. My host family is really nice. They go out of their way to make me feel at home. And you wouldn’t believe how quickly my French has 3______ !I’m very comfortable 4_______ French now. Although I still make lots of mistakes， it doesn’t bother me like it used to be. My biggest 5_______ is learning how to behave at the dinner table. As you can imagine ，things 6 ___________ the way they are at home. For example， you’re not supposed to put your bread on your plate . You’re supposed to put it on the table ! I thought that was 7_______strange at first， but now I’m used to it. You’re not supposed to eat with your hands except bread ，not even fruit! 8_______ thing is that it is very rude to say you’re full. If you don’t want any more food， you should just say， “It was delicious.” Also， it’s rude to put your hands in your lap. You should always 9______your hands， but not your elbows， on the table. I have to say ， I find it difficult to remember everything， but I’m gradually 10_______used to things and don’t them so strange any more. The keys to P4:(How to behave well) 1 even 2. a little 3. improved 4. speaking 5.challenge 6.are different from 7. pretty 8.Another 9. keep 10. getting Passage 5 Teenagers’ dreams provide， choose， will ， similar ， achieve， seem， enjoy， common， cross， dream， come true， offer. What would you like to do after finishing your education? It1 _____that some students would like to start to work as soon as possible ， so that they can help 2________ better lives for their parents. Other students hope to continue studying after finishing school and to go to university. Although money is important， many teenagers said they want to do jobs they 3 ______. According to the survey， the most popular4 ______of job is computer programming. Teenagers have all kinds of dreams. According to the survey， less realistic dreams are also5 ________， but many students reported that they were 6_______to work hard to achieve their dreams. Quite a few dream of becoming famous， perhaps famous sports people or singers. Some said they’d love to go on exciting trips. One student said she’d love to sail 7_______ the Pacific Ocean. And then there are dreams that are impossible: some students said they’d like to be able to fly! It was clear from the survey that teenagers have 8 ______hopes. It seems that most students hope to have a good education and find a good job. On the other hand， students dream of very different things :good things， and even crazy things. It is very important to9 ______，so hold on to your dreams ， one day they may just come true. Can you tell something about your dreams and how to 10 ________them? The keys to P5:About teenagers’ dreams 1.seems 2.provide 3.enjoy 4.choice 5.common 6.willing 7.across 8.similar 9.dream 10.achieve. Show yourselves! What is your dream? How do you plan to achieve it? 注重在課堂上注入時(shí)代氣息的新詞 沒門（no way）， 留守學(xué)生（stay-at-home student）， 豬流感（swine flu）， 下線（get off line）， all in good time（別著急） amazing!-太神了 anytime!-隨時(shí)吩咐 awful!-好可怕啊 Fresh!-好有型！ after u-您先 no way沒門 all set?-一切妥當(dāng) allow me!-讓我來behave!-放尊重點(diǎn) bingo!-中了 boring!-真無聊 　　crazy!-瘋了 deal!-一言為定 Exactly!-完全正確！ Fantastic!-妙極了！ Fifty-fifty!-對半分！ 　　 一堂詞匯教學(xué)課 LOOK and GUESS :What does she want to do? Listen and put the instructions in the correct order. ( )Turn on the blender. ( ) Cut up the bananas. ( ) Drink the milk shake. ( ) Pour the milk into the blender. ( ) Put the bananas and the ice cream into the blender. ( ) Peel three bananas. Listen again and answer the questions as quickly as you can . 1.How’s the boy feeling now? He is feeling very hungry. 2.What do they want to make? A banana milk shake. 3.How many bananas do they need? Three. 4.What do they put in the blender? The bananas and ice cream. 5.Is shake a drink? Yes，it is. Fill in the blanks: A:I am hungry. let’s make an orange milk shake. B:OK. What do we need? A: We need some oranges and milk. B: How m___ oranges do we need? A: We need three. B: OK. How m____ milk do we need? A: One cup. B: Now how to make it? A: First， p____ the oranges . Next， c___ up the oranges and then put them in the b_____. P_____ the milk into the blender， too. Then t____ on the blender for about 3 minutes. Finally， pour the mixture(混和物) into a glass and enjoy it. B: That must be much more delicious. 請您回答： 1. 您認(rèn)為單詞教學(xué)重要嗎？ 2. 單元生單詞何時(shí)教? 3. 如何教？ 4. 每單元做詞匯專項(xiàng)練習(xí)嗎？ 5. 學(xué)生記憶單詞有困難嗎？ 6.您感覺單詞教學(xué)中有哪些疑問？ 7. 您是如何幫助學(xué)生落實(shí)單詞的？ 8. 您有沒有經(jīng)常教學(xué)生記單詞的方法？UFj紅軟基地

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